diff --git a/.claude/skills/mx-api-doctrine/SKILL.md b/.claude/skills/mx-api-doctrine/SKILL.md
index c18f4b4fb..24c801358 100644
--- a/.claude/skills/mx-api-doctrine/SKILL.md
+++ b/.claude/skills/mx-api-doctrine/SKILL.md
@@ -40,8 +40,9 @@ Responses to wrong api usage, in order of preference:
 1. Unrepresentable: shape the type so the wrong state cannot be expressed (choice types below;
    merged fields, principle 3).
 2. Defined fallback: document a harmless result and return it. A wrong-kind choice accessor
-   returns a default-constructed copy; the writer emits nothing for a meaningless combination
-   (cue-note ties are silently dropped). No signal to the caller.
+   returns a default-constructed copy; the writer drops the half of an encoding that is
+   meaningless for the note it is on (a tie on a silent cue note is written as `<tied>`
+   notation only, never as a sound-level `<tie>`). No signal to the caller.
 3. `Result<T>` (`Result.h`): the error channel of last resort. It exists for the
    `DocumentManager` I/O boundary, where failure is real (unreadable file, unparseable XML). Do
    not spread it into the data model.
diff --git a/data/corpus.xml b/data/corpus.xml
index 2e23e3030..7496c6c9a 100644
--- a/data/corpus.xml
+++ b/data/corpus.xml
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
      usage (descending). Do not edit by hand; regenerate with the tool. -->
 <corpus-features>
   <summary>
-    <files total="836" wild="445" synthetic="391"/>
+    <files total="837" wild="445" synthetic="392"/>
     <elements total="442" used-in-wild="329" synthetic-only="113"/>
   </summary>
   <elements>
-    <element name="measure" total-files="836" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="391" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="measure" total-files="837" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="392" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
-        <attribute name="number" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="391"/>
+        <attribute name="number" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="392"/>
         <attribute name="width" wild-files="155" synthetic-files="2"/>
         <attribute name="implicit" wild-files="24" synthetic-files="2"/>
         <attribute name="id" wild-files="0" synthetic-files="1"/>
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 433 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="391" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="392" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -386,6 +386,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time-relation.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/time.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -426,9 +427,9 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/work-title.3.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="part" total-files="836" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="391" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="part" total-files="837" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="392" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
-        <attribute name="id" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="391"/>
+        <attribute name="id" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="392"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="445">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 433 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="391" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="392" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -799,6 +800,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time-relation.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/time.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -839,7 +841,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/work-title.3.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="part-list" total-files="836" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="391" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="part-list" total-files="837" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="392" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <wild-files count="445">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
         <file>custom/segno_coda_roundtrip.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -855,7 +857,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 433 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="391" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="392" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -1209,6 +1211,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time-relation.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/time.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -1249,7 +1252,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/work-title.3.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="part-name" total-files="836" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="391" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="part-name" total-files="837" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="392" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
         <attribute name="print-object" wild-files="39" synthetic-files="1"/>
         <attribute name="color" wild-files="1" synthetic-files="1"/>
@@ -1278,7 +1281,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 433 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="391" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="392" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -1632,6 +1635,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time-relation.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/time.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -1672,9 +1676,9 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/work-title.3.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="score-part" total-files="836" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="391" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="score-part" total-files="837" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="392" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
-        <attribute name="id" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="391"/>
+        <attribute name="id" wild-files="445" synthetic-files="392"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="445">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
@@ -1691,7 +1695,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 433 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="391" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="392" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -2045,6 +2049,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time-relation.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/time.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -2085,9 +2090,9 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/work-title.3.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="score-partwise" total-files="833" wild-files="442" synthetic-files="391" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="score-partwise" total-files="834" wild-files="442" synthetic-files="392" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
-        <attribute name="version" wild-files="168" synthetic-files="391"/>
+        <attribute name="version" wild-files="168" synthetic-files="392"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="442">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
@@ -2104,7 +2109,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 430 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="391" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="392" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -2458,6 +2463,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time-relation.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/time.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -2498,7 +2504,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/work-title.3.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="duration" total-files="455" wild-files="440" synthetic-files="15" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="duration" total-files="456" wild-files="440" synthetic-files="16" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <wild-files count="440">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
         <file>custom/segno_coda_roundtrip.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -2514,7 +2520,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 428 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="15" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="16" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/cancel.location.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/coda.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/coda.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -2529,10 +2535,11 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/segno.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/segno.3.1.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/suffix.3.0.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="4.0">synthetic/words-symbol.4.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="attributes" total-files="480" wild-files="438" synthetic-files="42" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="attributes" total-files="481" wild-files="438" synthetic-files="43" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <wild-files count="438">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
         <file>custom/segno_coda_roundtrip.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -2548,7 +2555,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 426 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="42" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="43" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/beat-repeat.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/beat-type.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/beats.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -2585,6 +2592,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/slash.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="4.0">synthetic/staff-size.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/staff-type.3.0.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time-relation.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/time.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/time.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -2593,7 +2601,7 @@
         <file version="4.0">synthetic/words-symbol.4.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="divisions" total-files="447" wild-files="438" synthetic-files="9" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="divisions" total-files="448" wild-files="438" synthetic-files="10" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <wild-files count="438">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
         <file>custom/segno_coda_roundtrip.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -2609,7 +2617,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 426 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="9" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="10" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/cancel.location.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/coda.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/coda.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -2618,10 +2626,11 @@
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/key-accidental.smufl.3.1.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/segno.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/segno.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="4.0">synthetic/words-symbol.4.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="note" total-files="662" wild-files="438" synthetic-files="224" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="note" total-files="663" wild-files="438" synthetic-files="225" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
         <attribute name="default-x" wild-files="146" synthetic-files="2"/>
         <attribute name="default-y" wild-files="58" synthetic-files="2"/>
@@ -2660,7 +2669,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 426 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="224" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="225" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -2860,6 +2869,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/toe.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tremolo.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tremolo.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -2978,7 +2988,7 @@
         <file version="4.0">synthetic/words-symbol.4.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="type" total-files="424" wild-files="415" synthetic-files="9" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="type" total-files="425" wild-files="415" synthetic-files="10" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
         <attribute name="size" wild-files="8" synthetic-files="0"/>
       </attributes>
@@ -2997,7 +3007,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 403 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="9" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="10" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/cancel.location.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/coda.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/coda.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -3006,6 +3016,7 @@
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/key-accidental.smufl.3.1.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/segno.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/segno.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="4.0">synthetic/words-symbol.4.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
@@ -3115,7 +3126,7 @@
         <file version="4.0">synthetic/words-symbol.4.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="voice" total-files="715" wild-files="408" synthetic-files="307" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="voice" total-files="716" wild-files="408" synthetic-files="308" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <wild-files count="408">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
         <file>custom/segno_coda_roundtrip.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -3131,7 +3142,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 396 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="307" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="308" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -3407,6 +3418,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/timpani.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="4.0">synthetic/timpani.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/toe.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -3441,7 +3453,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/work-title.3.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="octave" total-files="631" wild-files="407" synthetic-files="224" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="octave" total-files="632" wild-files="407" synthetic-files="225" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <wild-files count="407">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
         <file>custom/segno_coda_roundtrip.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -3457,7 +3469,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 395 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="224" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="225" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -3657,6 +3669,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/toe.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tremolo.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tremolo.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -3684,7 +3697,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/work-title.3.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="pitch" total-files="631" wild-files="407" synthetic-files="224" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="pitch" total-files="632" wild-files="407" synthetic-files="225" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <wild-files count="407">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
         <file>custom/segno_coda_roundtrip.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -3700,7 +3713,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 395 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="224" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="225" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -3900,6 +3913,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/toe.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tremolo.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tremolo.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -3927,7 +3941,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/work-title.3.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="step" total-files="631" wild-files="407" synthetic-files="224" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="step" total-files="632" wild-files="407" synthetic-files="225" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <wild-files count="407">
         <file>custom/musescore-slur-start-stop.musicxml</file>
         <file>custom/segno_coda_roundtrip.3.0.xml</file>
@@ -3943,7 +3957,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Deutscher Tanz D.820.1.xml</file>
         <!-- 395 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="224" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="225" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -4143,6 +4157,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/toe.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tremolo.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tremolo.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -4597,7 +4612,7 @@
       <synthetic-files count="0">
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="notations" total-files="334" wild-files="215" synthetic-files="119" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="notations" total-files="335" wild-files="215" synthetic-files="120" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
         <attribute name="id" wild-files="0" synthetic-files="1"/>
         <attribute name="print-object" wild-files="0" synthetic-files="2"/>
@@ -4617,7 +4632,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Invention_10.xml</file>
         <!-- 203 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="119" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="120" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -4720,6 +4735,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/thumb-position.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/toe.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tremolo.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tremolo.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -5750,9 +5766,9 @@
       <synthetic-files count="0">
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="tied" total-files="138" wild-files="134" synthetic-files="4" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="tied" total-files="139" wild-files="134" synthetic-files="5" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
-        <attribute name="type" wild-files="134" synthetic-files="4"/>
+        <attribute name="type" wild-files="134" synthetic-files="5"/>
         <attribute name="orientation" wild-files="12" synthetic-files="2"/>
         <attribute name="number" wild-files="4" synthetic-files="2"/>
         <attribute name="relative-y" wild-files="2" synthetic-files="2"/>
@@ -5787,16 +5803,17 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Invention_12.xml</file>
         <!-- 122 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="4" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="5" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/notations.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/notations.3.1.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="tie" total-files="134" wild-files="133" synthetic-files="1" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="tie" total-files="135" wild-files="133" synthetic-files="2" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
-        <attribute name="type" wild-files="133" synthetic-files="1"/>
+        <attribute name="type" wild-files="133" synthetic-files="2"/>
         <attribute name="time-only" wild-files="0" synthetic-files="1"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="133">
@@ -5814,8 +5831,9 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Invention_12.xml</file>
         <!-- 121 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="1" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="2" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
     <element name="word-font" total-files="133" wild-files="132" synthetic-files="1" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
@@ -6439,7 +6457,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/PepAiraSco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/PezR44Sco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/RonCLunSco.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_01.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_02.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_03.xml</file>
@@ -6459,7 +6477,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/PepAiraSco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/PezR44Sco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/RonCLunSco.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_01.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_02.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_03.xml</file>
@@ -6483,7 +6501,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/PepAiraSco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/PezR44Sco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/RonCLunSco.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_01.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_02.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_03.xml</file>
@@ -6505,7 +6523,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/PepAiraSco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/PezR44Sco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/RonCLunSco.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_01.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_02.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_03.xml</file>
@@ -6524,7 +6542,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/PepAiraSco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/PezR44Sco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/RonCLunSco.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_01.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_02.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_03.xml</file>
@@ -6565,7 +6583,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/PepAiraSco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/PezR44Sco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/RonCLunSco.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_01.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_02.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_03.xml</file>
@@ -6603,7 +6621,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/PepAiraSco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/PezR44Sco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/RonCLunSco.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_01.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_02.xml</file>
         <file>kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_03.xml</file>
@@ -6970,7 +6988,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/O_Holy_Night-Adam-1871.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/O_Holy_Night.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/SCHUBERT An die Sonne.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/Bombe.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k011a_Tuplets.xml</file>
         <!-- 43 more -->
@@ -6990,7 +7008,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/O_Holy_Night-Adam-1871.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/O_Holy_Night.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/SCHUBERT An die Sonne.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/Bombe.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k011a_Tuplets.xml</file>
         <!-- 43 more -->
@@ -7013,7 +7031,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/RonCLunSco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/Silent_Night-Hartwig.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/Silent_Night_Young_1.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k006a_Header_Scaling_Decimals.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013a_OrchestralScoreFinale.xml</file>
         <!-- 43 more -->
@@ -7033,7 +7051,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/O_Holy_Night-Adam-1871.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/O_Holy_Night.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/SCHUBERT An die Sonne.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/Bombe.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k011a_Tuplets.xml</file>
         <!-- 43 more -->
@@ -7110,7 +7128,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/O_Holy_Night-Adam-1871.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/O_Holy_Night.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/SCHUBERT An die Sonne.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/Bombe.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k011a_Tuplets.xml</file>
         <!-- 41 more -->
@@ -7312,7 +7330,7 @@
       <synthetic-files count="0">
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="grace" total-files="257" wild-files="41" synthetic-files="216" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
+    <element name="grace" total-files="258" wild-files="41" synthetic-files="217" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <attributes>
         <attribute name="slash" wild-files="23" synthetic-files="1"/>
         <attribute name="steal-time-following" wild-files="2" synthetic-files="1"/>
@@ -7334,7 +7352,7 @@
         <file>lysuite/ly33f_Trill_EndingOnGraceNote.xml</file>
         <!-- 29 more -->
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="216" min-version="3.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="217" min-version="3.0">
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accent.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/accidental-mark.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -7527,6 +7545,7 @@
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tie.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tied.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tied.3.1.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/toe.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.0">synthetic/tremolo.3.0.xml</file>
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/tremolo.3.1.xml</file>
@@ -7705,7 +7724,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Berlioz_Le_Corsaire.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/PezR44Sco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/SCHUBERT An die Sonne.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013a_OrchestralScoreFinale.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013b_OrchestralScoreSibelius.xml</file>
         <file>logicpro/logic01a_homoSapiens.xml</file>
@@ -8117,7 +8136,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Berlioz_Le_Corsaire.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/PezR44Sco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/SCHUBERT An die Sonne.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013a_OrchestralScoreFinale.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013b_OrchestralScoreSibelius.xml</file>
         <file>logicpro/logic01a_homoSapiens.xml</file>
@@ -8179,7 +8198,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Berlioz_Le_Corsaire.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/RonCLunSco.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/Schubert_der_Mueller.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013b_OrchestralScoreSibelius.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k015a_System_Layout.xml</file>
         <file>lysuite/ly14a_StaffDetails_LineChanges.xml</file>
@@ -8283,7 +8302,7 @@
         <file>foundsuite/Berlioz_Le_Corsaire.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/Black Note Study Op 10 no 5.xml</file>
         <file>foundsuite/Moments Musicaux Op16 No4.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/Bombe.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k011a_Tuplets.xml</file>
         <file>lysuite/ly23c_Tuplet_Display_NonStandard.xml</file>
@@ -9164,7 +9183,7 @@
         <attribute name="xml:lang" wild-files="0" synthetic-files="1"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="13">
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k001b_Articulations_Above.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k001c_Articulations_Below.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k004a_Technical.xml</file>
@@ -9291,7 +9310,7 @@
         <attribute name="print-object" wild-files="0" synthetic-files="1"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="12">
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k001b_Articulations_Above.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k001c_Articulations_Below.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k004a_Technical.xml</file>
@@ -9407,7 +9426,7 @@
         <attribute name="id" wild-files="11" synthetic-files="0"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="11">
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013a_OrchestralScoreFinale.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013b_OrchestralScoreSibelius.xml</file>
         <file>lysuite/ly41c_StaffGroups.xml</file>
@@ -9610,7 +9629,7 @@
         <attribute name="print-object" wild-files="0" synthetic-files="1"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="9">
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013a_OrchestralScoreFinale.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013b_OrchestralScoreSibelius.xml</file>
         <file>lysuite/ly41i_PartNameDisplay_Override.xml</file>
@@ -10589,21 +10608,22 @@
         <file version="3.1">synthetic/coda.3.1.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
-    <element name="cue" total-files="5" wild-files="4" synthetic-files="1" min-synthetic-version="4.0">
+    <element name="cue" total-files="6" wild-files="4" synthetic-files="2" min-synthetic-version="4.0">
       <wild-files count="4">
         <file>mjbsuite/krz_v40.xml</file>
         <file>recsuite/ActorPreludeSample.xml</file>
         <file>recsuite/MahlFaGe4Sample.xml</file>
         <file>recsuite/Telemann.xml</file>
       </wild-files>
-      <synthetic-files count="1" min-version="4.0">
+      <synthetic-files count="2" min-version="4.0">
         <file version="4.0">synthetic/grace-cue.4.0.xml</file>
+        <file version="4.0">synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</file>
       </synthetic-files>
     </element>
     <element name="encoding-description" total-files="5" wild-files="4" synthetic-files="1" min-synthetic-version="3.0">
       <wild-files count="4">
         <file>foundsuite/Schubert_der_Mueller.xml</file>
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k006a_Header_Scaling_Decimals.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013b_OrchestralScoreSibelius.xml</file>
       </wild-files>
@@ -11098,7 +11118,7 @@
         <attribute name="type" wild-files="0" synthetic-files="1"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="3">
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k006a_Header_Scaling_Decimals.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013b_OrchestralScoreSibelius.xml</file>
       </wild-files>
@@ -11227,7 +11247,7 @@
         <attribute name="number" wild-files="0" synthetic-files="1"/>
       </attributes>
       <wild-files count="3">
-        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
+        <file>foundsuite/Απτάλικο.xml</file>
         <file>ksuite/k013b_OrchestralScoreSibelius.xml</file>
         <file>recsuite/Echigo_Jishi.xml</file>
       </wild-files>
diff --git a/data/synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.features.xml b/data/synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.features.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05d27c403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.features.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!-- Generated by `python3 -m audit files`. The element/attribute surface of the
+     sibling corpus file. Do not edit by hand; regenerate with the audit tool. -->
+<feature-audit>
+  <audited>synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml</audited>
+  <audited-version>4.0</audited-version>
+  <features>
+    <feature>
+      <name>attributes</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>cue</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>divisions</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>duration</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>grace</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>measure</name>
+      <attributes>
+        <attribute>number</attribute>
+      </attributes>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>notations</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>note</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>octave</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>part</name>
+      <attributes>
+        <attribute>id</attribute>
+      </attributes>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>part-list</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>part-name</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>pitch</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>score-part</name>
+      <attributes>
+        <attribute>id</attribute>
+      </attributes>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>score-partwise</name>
+      <attributes>
+        <attribute>version</attribute>
+      </attributes>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>step</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>tie</name>
+      <attributes>
+        <attribute>type</attribute>
+      </attributes>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>tied</name>
+      <attributes>
+        <attribute>type</attribute>
+      </attributes>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>type</name>
+    </feature>
+    <feature>
+      <name>voice</name>
+    </feature>
+  </features>
+</feature-audit>
diff --git a/data/synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml b/data/synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..961dfcaf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<score-partwise version="4.0">
+  <part-list>
+    <score-part id="id1">
+      <part-name>x</part-name>
+    </score-part>
+  </part-list>
+  <part id="id1">
+    <measure number="1">
+      <attributes>
+        <divisions>4</divisions>
+      </attributes>
+      <note>
+        <cue />
+        <pitch>
+          <step>C</step>
+          <octave>4</octave>
+        </pitch>
+        <duration>4</duration>
+        <voice>1</voice>
+        <type>quarter</type>
+        <notations>
+          <tied type="start" />
+        </notations>
+      </note>
+      <note>
+        <cue />
+        <pitch>
+          <step>C</step>
+          <octave>4</octave>
+        </pitch>
+        <duration>4</duration>
+        <voice>1</voice>
+        <type>quarter</type>
+        <notations>
+          <tied type="stop" />
+        </notations>
+      </note>
+      <note>
+        <grace />
+        <cue />
+        <pitch>
+          <step>D</step>
+          <octave>4</octave>
+        </pitch>
+        <voice>1</voice>
+        <type>eighth</type>
+        <notations>
+          <tied type="start" />
+        </notations>
+      </note>
+      <note>
+        <cue />
+        <pitch>
+          <step>D</step>
+          <octave>4</octave>
+        </pitch>
+        <duration>8</duration>
+        <voice>1</voice>
+        <type>half</type>
+        <notations>
+          <tied type="stop" />
+        </notations>
+      </note>
+    </measure>
+    <measure number="2">
+      <note>
+        <grace />
+        <pitch>
+          <step>F</step>
+          <octave>4</octave>
+        </pitch>
+        <tie type="start" />
+        <voice>1</voice>
+        <type>eighth</type>
+        <notations>
+          <tied type="start" />
+        </notations>
+      </note>
+      <note>
+        <pitch>
+          <step>F</step>
+          <octave>4</octave>
+        </pitch>
+        <duration>8</duration>
+        <tie type="stop" />
+        <voice>1</voice>
+        <type>half</type>
+        <notations>
+          <tied type="stop" />
+        </notations>
+      </note>
+      <note>
+        <pitch>
+          <step>E</step>
+          <octave>4</octave>
+        </pitch>
+        <duration>8</duration>
+        <voice>1</voice>
+        <type>half</type>
+      </note>
+    </measure>
+  </part>
+</score-partwise>
diff --git a/src/include/mx/api/NoteData.h b/src/include/mx/api/NoteData.h
index 488105000..79129b482 100644
--- a/src/include/mx/api/NoteData.h
+++ b/src/include/mx/api/NoteData.h
@@ -112,8 +112,11 @@ class NoteData
     // tag, but subsequent chord notes do have the tag).
     bool isChord;
 
-    // One field, two encodings: on write these emit both <tie> (sound) and
-    // <tied> (notation), so the two can never contradict each other.
+    // One field, two encodings: MusicXML states a tie twice, once for sound
+    // (<tie>) and once for notation (<tied>), so setting one of these emits
+    // both and the two can never contradict each other. On a cue or grace-cue
+    // note only the notation is emitted -- those notes are silent, and the
+    // schema gives them no <tie> -- so the tie is visible but not played.
     bool isTieStart;
     bool isTieStop;
 
@@ -125,7 +128,8 @@ class NoteData
     // are the four combinations of these two independent flags. Schema facts:
     // a grace note carries no <duration> on the wire (durationTimeTicks reads
     // as 0 and is ignored on write), and cue notes -- including grace-cue
-    // notes -- cannot carry <tie> (ties on them are silently dropped on write).
+    // notes -- cannot carry <tie>, so a tie on one is notation only (see
+    // isTieStart / isTieStop).
     bool isGrace;
     // <grace>'s slash attribute. Only meaningful when isGrace is true.
     Bool graceSlash;
diff --git a/src/private/mx/api/ScoreData.cpp b/src/private/mx/api/ScoreData.cpp
index 0fcecb921..8790b6cb9 100644
--- a/src/private/mx/api/ScoreData.cpp
+++ b/src/private/mx/api/ScoreData.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 #include "mx/api/ScoreData.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
+
 namespace mx
 {
 namespace api
@@ -45,6 +47,11 @@ int ScoreData::getNumStavesPerSystem() const
     return numStaves;
 }
 
+// Sorts by tick position only, so items sharing a tick keep the order they were
+// given. That order is meaningful and must not be disturbed: the members of a
+// chord all sit at one tick, and MusicXML encodes a chord by omitting <chord>
+// from its first note. A plain std::sort is unstable, so the chord's spelling
+// would depend on the standard library implementation.
 void ScoreData::sort()
 {
     for (auto &part : parts)
@@ -54,25 +61,25 @@ void ScoreData::sort()
             for (auto &staff : measure.staves)
             {
 
-                const auto clefCompare = [&](ClefData &inLeft, ClefData &inRight) {
+                const auto clefCompare = [](const ClefData &inLeft, const ClefData &inRight) {
                     return inLeft.tickTimePosition < inRight.tickTimePosition;
                 };
 
-                std::sort(std::begin(staff.clefs), std::end(staff.clefs), clefCompare);
+                std::stable_sort(std::begin(staff.clefs), std::end(staff.clefs), clefCompare);
 
-                const auto directionCompare = [&](DirectionData &inLeft, DirectionData &inRight) {
+                const auto directionCompare = [](const DirectionData &inLeft, const DirectionData &inRight) {
                     return inLeft.tickTimePosition < inRight.tickTimePosition;
                 };
 
-                std::sort(std::begin(staff.directions), std::end(staff.directions), directionCompare);
+                std::stable_sort(std::begin(staff.directions), std::end(staff.directions), directionCompare);
 
                 for (auto &voice : staff.voices)
                 {
-                    const auto noteCompare = [&](NoteData &inLeft, NoteData &inRight) {
+                    const auto noteCompare = [](const NoteData &inLeft, const NoteData &inRight) {
                         return inLeft.tickTimePosition < inRight.tickTimePosition;
                     };
 
-                    std::sort(std::begin(voice.second.notes), std::end(voice.second.notes), noteCompare);
+                    std::stable_sort(std::begin(voice.second.notes), std::end(voice.second.notes), noteCompare);
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/private/mx/impl/NoteReader.cpp b/src/private/mx/impl/NoteReader.cpp
index 25b3796f7..e47d577a8 100644
--- a/src/private/mx/impl/NoteReader.cpp
+++ b/src/private/mx/impl/NoteReader.cpp
@@ -8,8 +8,11 @@
 #include "mx/core/generated/LyricChoice.h"
 #include "mx/core/generated/LyricSyllableGroup.h"
 #include "mx/core/generated/LyricTextGroup.h"
+#include "mx/core/generated/Notations.h"
+#include "mx/core/generated/NotationsChoice.h"
 #include "mx/core/generated/Syllabic.h"
 #include "mx/core/generated/TextElementData.h"
+#include "mx/core/generated/Tied.h"
 #include "mx/impl/FontFunctions.h"
 #include "mx/impl/PositionFunctions.h"
 #include "mx/impl/PrintFunctions.h"
@@ -221,8 +224,10 @@ void NoteReader::setNormalGraceCueItems()
         else
         {
             // <grace/> + <cue/>: a grace note inside a cue passage. The
-            // grace-cue group carries no <tie> in the schema.
+            // grace-cue group has no <tie> slot in the schema, so the tie can
+            // only be stated as a <tied> notation.
             myIsCue = true;
+            setTieFromNotations();
         }
         break;
     }
@@ -230,6 +235,8 @@ void NoteReader::setNormalGraceCueItems()
         myIsCue = true;
         const auto &noteGuts = myNoteChoice.asCueNoteGroup();
         myDurationValue = noteGuts.duration().value().value();
+        // A cue note is silent and has no <tie> slot either; same as grace-cue.
+        setTieFromNotations();
         break;
     }
     default:
@@ -478,6 +485,35 @@ void NoteReader::setTie(std::span<const core::Tie> tieSet)
     }
 }
 
+// Cue and grace-cue notes have no <tie> slot in the schema, so their tie can
+// only be stated as a <tied> notation. Reads the start/stop flags from there.
+// (A lone <tied type="let-ring"> is a different thing and is read elsewhere,
+// into NoteData::tieLetRing.)
+void NoteReader::setTieFromNotations()
+{
+    for (const auto &notations : myNote.notations())
+    {
+        for (const auto &notationsChoice : notations.choice())
+        {
+            if (notationsChoice.kind() != core::NotationsChoice::Kind::tied)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const auto type = notationsChoice.asTied().type();
+
+            if (type == core::TiedType::start())
+            {
+                myIsTieStart = true;
+            }
+            else if (type == core::TiedType::stop())
+            {
+                myIsTieStop = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 void NoteReader::setLyric()
 {
     const auto lyricSet = myNote.lyric();
diff --git a/src/private/mx/impl/NoteReader.h b/src/private/mx/impl/NoteReader.h
index 413dd7abc..a4591b06f 100644
--- a/src/private/mx/impl/NoteReader.h
+++ b/src/private/mx/impl/NoteReader.h
@@ -311,6 +311,7 @@ class NoteReader
     void setAccidental();
     void setStem();
     void setTie(std::span<const core::Tie> tieSet);
+    void setTieFromNotations();
     void setLyric();
 };
 } // namespace impl
diff --git a/src/private/mx/impl/NoteWriter.cpp b/src/private/mx/impl/NoteWriter.cpp
index fcef3c10b..8e3381b5e 100644
--- a/src/private/mx/impl/NoteWriter.cpp
+++ b/src/private/mx/impl/NoteWriter.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "mx/impl/WriteRefusal.h"
 #include "mx/utility/Throw.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 
 namespace mx
@@ -270,37 +271,60 @@ core::Note NoteWriter::getNote(bool isStartOfChord) const
     return myOutNote;
 }
 
-// Records a tie (for the note choice) and the matching tied notation. Old
-// behavior preserved: a single <notations> element collects the tied
-// choices, stop before start when both are present.
+// True when the note's curve vectors already carry a tie curve in the given
+// direction. Those curves are written by NotationsWriter with their full
+// attributes, so the bare <tied> synthesized here would be a duplicate.
+bool NoteWriter::hasTieCurve(bool isStart) const
+{
+    if (isStart)
+    {
+        const auto &curves = myNoteData.noteAttachmentData.curveStarts;
+        return std::any_of(curves.cbegin(), curves.cend(),
+                           [](const api::CurveStart &curve) { return curve.curveType == api::CurveType::tie; });
+    }
+
+    const auto &curves = myNoteData.noteAttachmentData.curveStops;
+    return std::any_of(curves.cbegin(), curves.cend(),
+                       [](const api::CurveStop &curve) { return curve.curveType == api::CurveType::tie; });
+}
+
+// Records a tie in both of MusicXML's encodings: the sound-level <tie> (for the
+// note choice) and the matching <tied> notation. A single <notations> element
+// collects the tied choices, stop before start when both are present.
 void NoteWriter::addTie(bool isStart) const
 {
-    core::Tie tie;
-    tie.setType(isStart ? core::StartStop::start() : core::StartStop::stop());
-    myOutTies.push_back(std::move(tie));
+    // <tie> lives inside the note choice, and the schema gives it a slot in only
+    // two of the four note flavors: normal and grace-normal. Cue and grace-cue
+    // notes are silent, so a sound-level tie is meaningless on them.
+    if (!myNoteData.isCue)
+    {
+        core::Tie tie;
+        tie.setType(isStart ? core::StartStop::start() : core::StartStop::stop());
+        myOutTies.push_back(std::move(tie));
+    }
 
-    core::Tied tied;
-    tied.setType(isStart ? core::TiedType::start() : core::TiedType::stop());
-    myOutTieNotationsChoices.push_back(core::NotationsChoice::tied(std::move(tied)));
+    // <tied> is a notation and <notations> sits outside the note choice, so it
+    // is legal on all four flavors -- cue and grace-cue notes included.
+    if (!hasTieCurve(isStart))
+    {
+        core::Tied tied;
+        tied.setType(isStart ? core::TiedType::start() : core::TiedType::stop());
+        myOutTieNotationsChoices.push_back(core::NotationsChoice::tied(std::move(tied)));
+    }
 }
 
 void NoteWriter::setNoteChoiceAndFullNoteGroup(bool isStartOfChord) const
 {
     myOutFullNoteGroup.setChord(myCursor.isChordActive && myIsPreviousNoteAChordMember && !isStartOfChord);
 
-    // The schema has no <tie> on cue and grace-cue notes, so ties on them are
-    // silently dropped. Normal and grace-normal notes carry their ties.
-    if (!myNoteData.isCue)
+    if (myNoteData.isTieStop)
     {
-        if (myNoteData.isTieStop)
-        {
-            addTie(false);
-        }
+        addTie(false);
+    }
 
-        if (myNoteData.isTieStart)
-        {
-            addTie(true);
-        }
+    if (myNoteData.isTieStart)
+    {
+        addTie(true);
     }
 }
 
@@ -324,7 +348,8 @@ void NoteWriter::assembleNoteChoice() const
         }
         if (myNoteData.isCue)
         {
-            // <grace/> + <cue/>: the grace-cue group carries no <tie>.
+            // <grace/> + <cue/>: the grace-cue group has no <tie> slot, so
+            // myOutTies is empty here; the tie survives as a <tied> notation.
             core::GraceCueNoteGroup inner;
             inner.setFullNote(myOutFullNoteGroup);
             choiceObj.setGraceNoteChoice(core::GraceNoteChoice::graceCueNoteGroup(std::move(inner)));
diff --git a/src/private/mx/impl/NoteWriter.h b/src/private/mx/impl/NoteWriter.h
index 78ca6ac0c..1073e83bf 100644
--- a/src/private/mx/impl/NoteWriter.h
+++ b/src/private/mx/impl/NoteWriter.h
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ class NoteWriter
     mutable std::vector<core::NotationsChoice> myOutTieNotationsChoices;
 
   private:
+    bool hasTieCurve(bool isStart) const;
     void addTie(bool isStart) const;
     void setNoteChoiceAndFullNoteGroup(bool isStartOfChord) const;
     void assembleNoteChoice() const;
diff --git a/src/private/mxtest/api/GraceCueApiTest.cpp b/src/private/mxtest/api/GraceCueApiTest.cpp
index e6acfd18e..3cb32e734 100644
--- a/src/private/mxtest/api/GraceCueApiTest.cpp
+++ b/src/private/mxtest/api/GraceCueApiTest.cpp
@@ -193,7 +193,9 @@ TEST(writeGraceCueElements, GraceCue)
 
 T_END;
 
-TEST(cueNoteTiesAreDropped, GraceCue)
+// cue and grace-cue notes are silent and the schema gives them no <tie>, so a
+// tie on one is notation only: the <tied> is written, the <tie> is not
+TEST(cueNoteTiesAreNotationOnly, GraceCue)
 {
     ScoreData score;
     score.ticksPerQuarter = 4;
@@ -205,8 +207,6 @@ TEST(cueNoteTiesAreDropped, GraceCue)
     auto &staff = measure.staves.back();
     auto &voice = staff.voices[0];
 
-    // a cue note and a grace-cue note, both (illegally) marked as tie starts;
-    // the schema has no <tie> for them, so the writer silently drops the ties
     voice.notes.emplace_back();
     voice.notes.back().isCue = true;
     voice.notes.back().isTieStart = true;
@@ -216,20 +216,53 @@ TEST(cueNoteTiesAreDropped, GraceCue)
     voice.notes.emplace_back();
     voice.notes.back().isGrace = true;
     voice.notes.back().isCue = true;
-    voice.notes.back().isTieStart = true;
+    voice.notes.back().isTieStop = true;
     voice.notes.back().tickTimePosition = 4;
     voice.notes.back().durationData.durationName = DurationName::eighth;
     voice.notes.back().durationData.durationTimeTicks = 0;
 
     const auto xml = toXml(score);
     CHECK(xml.find("<tie ") == std::string::npos);
-    CHECK(xml.find("<tied ") == std::string::npos);
+    CHECK(xml.find("<tied type=\"start\"") != std::string::npos);
+    CHECK(xml.find("<tied type=\"stop\"") != std::string::npos);
 
     const auto out = roundTrip(score);
     const auto &outNotes = out.parts.back().measures.back().staves.back().voices.at(0).notes;
     REQUIRE(outNotes.size() == 2);
-    CHECK(!outNotes.at(0).isTieStart);
-    CHECK(!outNotes.at(1).isTieStart);
+    CHECK(outNotes.at(0).isCue);
+    CHECK(outNotes.at(0).isTieStart);
+    CHECK(outNotes.at(1).isCue);
+    CHECK(outNotes.at(1).isGrace);
+    CHECK(outNotes.at(1).isTieStop);
+}
+
+T_END;
+
+// the <tied> notation is written exactly once, whether it comes from the
+// isTieStart / isTieStop flags or from an attribute-bearing tie curve
+TEST(tiedNotationIsNotDuplicated, GraceCue)
+{
+    ScoreData score;
+    score.ticksPerQuarter = 4;
+    score.parts.emplace_back();
+    auto &part = score.parts.back();
+    part.measures.emplace_back();
+    auto &measure = part.measures.back();
+    measure.staves.emplace_back();
+    auto &staff = measure.staves.back();
+    auto &voice = staff.voices[0];
+
+    voice.notes.emplace_back();
+    voice.notes.back().isTieStart = true;
+    voice.notes.back().durationData.durationName = DurationName::quarter;
+    voice.notes.back().durationData.durationTimeTicks = 4;
+    voice.notes.back().noteAttachmentData.curveStarts.emplace_back(CurveType::tie);
+
+    const auto xml = toXml(score);
+    const auto first = xml.find("<tied ");
+    REQUIRE(first != std::string::npos);
+    CHECK(xml.find("<tied ", first + 1) == std::string::npos);
+    CHECK(xml.find("<tie ") != std::string::npos);
 }
 
 T_END;
diff --git a/src/private/mxtest/api/ScoreDataSortTest.cpp b/src/private/mxtest/api/ScoreDataSortTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4a6a0d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/private/mxtest/api/ScoreDataSortTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// MusicXML Class Library
+// Copyright (c) by Matthew James Briggs
+// Distributed under the MIT License
+
+#include "mxtest/control/CompileControl.h"
+#ifdef MX_COMPILE_API_TESTS
+
+#include "cpul/cpulTestHarness.h"
+#include "mx/api/ScoreData.h"
+
+using namespace mx::api;
+
+// ScoreData::sort() orders by tick position alone, so everything sharing a tick
+// compares equal. The members of a chord all sit at one tick, and MusicXML
+// encodes a chord by omitting <chord> from its first note, so their given order
+// decides how the chord is spelled on the wire. An unstable sort would let the
+// standard library implementation pick that order -- which it did: libc++ left
+// these notes alone while libstdc++ permuted them, so ly32d_Arpeggio round-tripped
+// on macOS and failed on Linux.
+//
+// The run is deliberately longer than the threshold at which an introsort stops
+// insertion-sorting and starts partitioning, since a short run can come out
+// ordered by luck.
+TEST(sortKeepsSameTickNotesInOrder, ScoreDataSort)
+{
+    ScoreData score;
+    score.ticksPerQuarter = 4;
+    score.parts.emplace_back();
+    auto &part = score.parts.back();
+    part.measures.emplace_back();
+    auto &measure = part.measures.back();
+    measure.staves.emplace_back();
+    auto &voice = measure.staves.back().voices[0];
+
+    constexpr int chordSize = 64;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < chordSize; ++i)
+    {
+        voice.notes.emplace_back();
+        auto &note = voice.notes.back();
+        note.isChord = true;
+        note.tickTimePosition = 0;
+        note.durationData.durationName = DurationName::quarter;
+        note.durationData.durationTimeTicks = 4;
+        // octave is the identity we check for; step alone would repeat
+        note.pitchData.octave = i;
+    }
+
+    score.sort();
+
+    REQUIRE(voice.notes.size() == static_cast<size_t>(chordSize));
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < chordSize; ++i)
+    {
+        CHECK(voice.notes.at(static_cast<size_t>(i)).pitchData.octave == i);
+    }
+}
+
+T_END;
+
+// The same guarantee for a voice that really does need reordering. The notes are
+// interleaved across four ticks so the input is not already in order, which is
+// what it takes to make an unstable sort actually permute the equal runs -- a
+// long run that is already in order can survive std::sort by luck.
+TEST(sortOrdersTicksAndKeepsEachTickInOrder, ScoreDataSort)
+{
+    ScoreData score;
+    score.ticksPerQuarter = 4;
+    score.parts.emplace_back();
+    auto &part = score.parts.back();
+    part.measures.emplace_back();
+    auto &measure = part.measures.back();
+    measure.staves.emplace_back();
+    auto &voice = measure.staves.back().voices[0];
+
+    constexpr int noteCount = 64;
+    constexpr int tickCount = 4;
+    const auto tickOf = [](int index) { return (index * 7) % tickCount; };
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < noteCount; ++i)
+    {
+        voice.notes.emplace_back();
+        auto &note = voice.notes.back();
+        note.tickTimePosition = tickOf(i);
+        note.durationData.durationName = DurationName::quarter;
+        note.durationData.durationTimeTicks = 4;
+        // octave carries the note's original index, so the given order is readable
+        // back out of the sorted result
+        note.pitchData.octave = i;
+    }
+
+    score.sort();
+
+    // ticks ascending; within a tick, the indices in the order they were given
+    std::vector<int> expectedOctaves;
+    for (int tick = 0; tick < tickCount; ++tick)
+    {
+        for (int i = 0; i < noteCount; ++i)
+        {
+            if (tickOf(i) == tick)
+            {
+                expectedOctaves.push_back(i);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    REQUIRE(voice.notes.size() == expectedOctaves.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedOctaves.size(); ++i)
+    {
+        CHECK(voice.notes.at(i).pitchData.octave == expectedOctaves.at(i));
+    }
+}
+
+T_END;
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/private/mxtest/api/roundtrip-baseline.txt b/src/private/mxtest/api/roundtrip-baseline.txt
index d113e78d2..685c286e9 100644
--- a/src/private/mxtest/api/roundtrip-baseline.txt
+++ b/src/private/mxtest/api/roundtrip-baseline.txt
@@ -538,3 +538,73 @@ lysuite/ly03d_Rhythm_DottedDurations_Factors.xml
 musuite/testMultiMeasureRest1.xml
 musuite/testMultiMeasureRest2.xml
 musuite/testMultiMeasureRest3.xml
+synthetic/multiple-rest.3.0.xml
+
+# Passed on macOS but not on Linux until ScoreData::sort() was made stable. It is
+# 14 chords, and every member of a chord shares one tick, so an unstable sort let
+# the standard library choose which one came first -- and MusicXML spells a chord
+# by omitting <chord> from its first note.
+lysuite/ly32d_Arpeggio.xml
+
+# MusicXML states a tie twice: <tie> for sound and <tied> for notation. Two fixes
+# here. (1) The <tied> that NoteWriter synthesizes from isTieStart/isTieStop is now
+# suppressed when the note's curve vectors already carry a tie curve, which
+# NotationsWriter writes with its full attributes -- previously every note whose
+# source had both elements emitted <tied> twice. (2) Cue and grace-cue notes get no
+# <tie> slot in the schema (they are silent), but <notations> sits outside the note
+# choice, so <tied> is legal on them; the writer now emits it and the reader reads
+# isTieStart/isTieStop back from it for those two flavors.
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_01.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_02.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_03.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_04.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_05.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_06.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_07.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_08.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_09.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_10.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_11.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_12.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_13.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_14.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_16.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_17.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_18.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_19.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_20.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_21.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_22.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_23.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_25.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_26.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_27.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_28.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_29.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_30.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_31.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_32.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_33.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_34.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_35.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_36.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_37.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_38.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_39.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_40.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_41.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_42.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_43.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_44.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_45.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_46.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_47.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_48.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_49.xml
+kiritan_singing/kiritan_singing_50.xml
+lysuite/ly11a_TimeSignatures.xml
+lysuite/ly24a_GraceNotes.xml
+lysuite/ly33i_Ties_NotEnded.xml
+lysuite/ly61d_Lyrics_Melisma.xml
+lysuite/ly61f_Lyrics_GracedNotes.xml
+synthetic/tied.cue.4.0.xml
diff --git a/src/private/mxtest/corert/CoreRoundtripTest.cpp b/src/private/mxtest/corert/CoreRoundtripTest.cpp
index e1ad70216..0608f8e76 100644
--- a/src/private/mxtest/corert/CoreRoundtripTest.cpp
+++ b/src/private/mxtest/corert/CoreRoundtripTest.cpp
@@ -127,12 +127,12 @@ const CoreRoundtripRegistrar g_coreRoundtripRegistrar;
 
 } // namespace
 
-// Pinned counts: 836 eligible files, none skipped. Count drift is a failure
+// Pinned counts: 837 eligible files, none skipped. Count drift is a failure
 // even with zero individual fails, so a corpus or version-gate change is a
 // conscious decision, not silent decay. Registered last (registration is
 // discovery order; "zz" keeps it last alphabetically for shuffled runs too).
 TEST_CASE("zz-corert-pinned-counts", "[core-roundtrip]")
 {
-    CHECK(mxtest::corert::discoverInputFiles().size() == 836);
+    CHECK(mxtest::corert::discoverInputFiles().size() == 837);
     CHECK(g_skippedCount == 0);
 }