chore: bump Arrow stack to 59

[michaelmitchell-bit]

Purpose

Updates the Rust Arrow dependency family to 59.0.0 and keeps the direct Arrow crates aligned across core and Python bindings. This avoids split arrow-schema versions like the failing Dependabot-only arrow-schema bump.

Related: #651

Brief change log

• Bump arrow, arrow-schema, arrow-array, and arrow-pyarrow to 59.0.0.
• Bump PyO3 / pyo3-async-runtimes to 0.28 to satisfy arrow-pyarrow 59.
• Replace deprecated PyO3 downcast APIs and make pyclass FromPyObject behavior explicit.

Tests

• cargo fmt --all
• cargo build --workspace --all-targets --exclude fluss_python --exclude fluss-cpp --exclude fluss_nif
• cargo build -p fluss_python
• cargo clippy --all-targets --workspace -- -D warnings
• cargo test --all-targets --workspace --exclude fluss_python --exclude fluss-cpp --exclude fluss_nif
• cargo doc --workspace --no-deps --exclude fluss_python