LocaleChain for .NET

Smart locale fallback chains for .NET -- because pt-BR users deserve pt-PT, not English.

The Problem

.NET's built-in CultureInfo parent chain handles simple cases (fr-CA -> fr -> invariant), but it has no support for sibling locale fallback. When pt-BR translations are missing, it skips pt-PT entirely and shows English (or whatever your default culture is).

The same thing happens with es-MX -> es-419 -> es, zh-Hant-HK -> zh-Hant-TW, en-AU -> en-GB, and every other regional variant that has a closer sibling than the default locale.

Your users see English when a perfectly good translation exists in a sibling locale.

The Solution

A standalone message-merging utility with built-in ASP.NET Core integration. Configures in one line. Works with IStringLocalizer, resource files, JSON translations, or any message format.

// Configure once at startup
LocaleChain.Configure();

// Resolve with pre-loaded messages
var messages = new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, object>>
{
    ["en"] = new() { ["greeting"] = "Hello", ["farewell"] = "Goodbye" },
    ["pt"] = new() { ["greeting"] = "Ola", ["farewell"] = "Adeus" },
    ["pt-BR"] = new() { ["greeting"] = "Oi" }
};

var resolved = LocaleChain.Resolve("pt-BR", messages);
// resolved["greeting"] => "Oi"       (from pt-BR, most specific)
// resolved["farewell"] => "Adeus"    (from pt, next in chain)

Installation

NuGet:

dotnet add package I18nAgent.LocaleChain

Package Manager Console:

Install-Package I18nAgent.LocaleChain

Targets .NET 6.0 and .NET Standard 2.0 (compatible with .NET Framework 4.6.1+).

Quick Start: ASP.NET Core

Register LocaleChainStringLocalizer in your DI container to get automatic fallback resolution with IStringLocalizer.

using I18nAgent.LocaleChain;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Localization;

// In Program.cs or Startup.cs
builder.Services.AddLocalization(options => options.ResourcesPath = "Resources");

// Configure locale chains once at startup
LocaleChain.Configure();

// Register the chain-aware localizer decorator
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IStringLocalizer>(sp =>
{
    var factory = sp.GetRequiredService<IStringLocalizerFactory>();
    var currentCulture = Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture.Name;

    var inner = factory.Create(typeof(SharedResource));

    return new LocaleChainStringLocalizer(
        inner,
        locale =>
        {
            // Create a localizer for the fallback locale
            var culture = new System.Globalization.CultureInfo(locale);
            Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = culture;
            return factory.Create(typeof(SharedResource));
        },
        currentCulture);
});

Then use IStringLocalizer as usual -- fallback happens automatically:

public class HomeController : Controller
{
    private readonly IStringLocalizer _localizer;

    public HomeController(IStringLocalizer localizer)
    {
        _localizer = localizer;
    }

    public IActionResult Index()
    {
        // If current culture is pt-BR and key is missing,
        // automatically falls back to pt-PT -> pt -> en
        ViewData["Greeting"] = _localizer["greeting"];
        return View();
    }
}

Quick Start: Standalone (.NET MAUI, WPF, Console)

For applications that manage their own translation files (JSON, YAML, etc.), use the static LocaleChain API directly.

Sync resolve (pre-loaded messages)

using I18nAgent.LocaleChain;

// 1. Configure chains once at startup
LocaleChain.Configure();

// 2. Load your messages however you like
var messages = new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, object>>
{
    ["en"] = new() { ["greeting"] = "Hello", ["farewell"] = "Goodbye" },
    ["pt"] = new() { ["greeting"] = "Ola", ["farewell"] = "Adeus" },
    ["pt-PT"] = new() { ["greeting"] = "Ola (PT)" },
    ["pt-BR"] = new() { ["greeting"] = "Oi" }
};

// 3. Resolve with chain priority
var resolved = LocaleChain.Resolve("pt-BR", messages);
// "greeting" => "Oi"       (from pt-BR, most specific)
// "farewell" => "Adeus"    (from pt, next in chain)

Async resolve (lazy loading)

LocaleChain.Configure();

var resolved = await LocaleChain.ResolveAsync("pt-BR", async locale =>
{
    // Load messages from network, filesystem, database, etc.
    var json = await File.ReadAllTextAsync($"Translations/{locale}.json");
    return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Dictionary<string, object>>(json);
});

.NET MAUI example

// In MauiProgram.cs
public static MauiApp CreateMauiApp()
{
    var builder = MauiApp.CreateBuilder();
    builder.UseMauiApp<App>();

    // Configure locale chains
    LocaleChain.Configure();

    return builder.Build();
}

// In a ViewModel or Page
public partial class MainPage : ContentPage
{
    private Dictionary<string, object> _translations;

    public MainPage()
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        var locale = CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture.Name; // e.g., "pt-BR"
        _translations = LocaleChain.Resolve(locale, LoadAllTranslations());

        GreetingLabel.Text = _translations["greeting"]?.ToString();
    }
}

WPF example

// In App.xaml.cs
public partial class App : Application
{
    protected override void OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnStartup(e);
        LocaleChain.Configure();
    }
}

// In a Window or ViewModel
var locale = CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture.Name;
var messages = LocaleChain.Resolve(locale, allTranslations);

Debugging

LocaleChain.ChainFor("pt-BR");
// Returns: ["pt-PT", "pt"]

LocaleChain.BuildLoadOrder("pt-BR");
// Returns: ["en", "pt", "pt-PT", "pt-BR"]

Custom Configuration

Default (zero config)

LocaleChain.Configure();

Uses all built-in fallback chains. Covers Chinese, Portuguese, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Dutch, English, Arabic, Norwegian, and Malay regional variants.

With overrides (merge with defaults)

// Override specific chains while keeping all defaults
LocaleChain.Configure(new Dictionary<string, string[]>
{
    ["pt-BR"] = new[] { "pt-PT", "pt" }
});

Your overrides replace matching keys in the default map. All other defaults remain.

Full custom (replace defaults)

// Full control -- only use your chains
LocaleChain.Configure(
    new Dictionary<string, string[]>
    {
        ["pt-BR"] = new[] { "pt-PT", "pt" },
        ["es-MX"] = new[] { "es-419", "es" }
    },
    mergeDefaults: false
);

Only the chains you specify will be active. No defaults.

Default Fallback Map

Chinese Traditional

Locale	Fallback Chain
zh-Hant-HK	zh-Hant-TW -> zh-Hant -> (default)
zh-Hant-MO	zh-Hant-HK -> zh-Hant-TW -> zh-Hant -> (default)
zh-Hant-TW	zh-Hant -> (default)

Chinese Simplified

Locale	Fallback Chain
zh-Hans-SG	zh-Hans -> (default)
zh-Hans-MY	zh-Hans -> (default)

Portuguese

Locale	Fallback Chain
pt-BR	pt-PT -> pt -> (default)
pt-PT	pt -> (default)
pt-AO	pt-PT -> pt -> (default)
pt-MZ	pt-PT -> pt -> (default)

Spanish

Locale	Fallback Chain
es-419	es -> (default)
es-MX	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-AR	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-CO	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-CL	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-PE	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-VE	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-EC	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-GT	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-CU	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-BO	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-DO	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-HN	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-PY	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-SV	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-NI	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-CR	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-PA	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-UY	es-419 -> es -> (default)
es-PR	es-419 -> es -> (default)

French

Locale	Fallback Chain
fr-CA	fr -> (default)
fr-BE	fr -> (default)
fr-CH	fr -> (default)
fr-LU	fr -> (default)
fr-MC	fr -> (default)
fr-SN	fr -> (default)
fr-CI	fr -> (default)
fr-ML	fr -> (default)
fr-CM	fr -> (default)
fr-MG	fr -> (default)
fr-CD	fr -> (default)

German

Locale	Fallback Chain
de-AT	de -> (default)
de-CH	de -> (default)
de-LU	de -> (default)
de-LI	de -> (default)

Italian

Locale	Fallback Chain
it-CH	it -> (default)

Dutch

Locale	Fallback Chain
nl-BE	nl -> (default)

English

Locale	Fallback Chain
en-GB	en -> (default)
en-AU	en-GB -> en -> (default)
en-NZ	en-AU -> en-GB -> en -> (default)
en-IN	en-GB -> en -> (default)
en-CA	en -> (default)
en-ZA	en-GB -> en -> (default)
en-IE	en-GB -> en -> (default)
en-SG	en-GB -> en -> (default)

Arabic

Locale	Fallback Chain
ar-SA	ar -> (default)
ar-EG	ar -> (default)
ar-AE	ar -> (default)
ar-MA	ar -> (default)
ar-DZ	ar -> (default)
ar-IQ	ar -> (default)
ar-KW	ar -> (default)
ar-QA	ar -> (default)
ar-BH	ar -> (default)
ar-OM	ar -> (default)
ar-JO	ar -> (default)
ar-LB	ar -> (default)
ar-TN	ar -> (default)
ar-LY	ar -> (default)
ar-SD	ar -> (default)
ar-YE	ar -> (default)

Norwegian

Locale	Fallback Chain
nb	no -> (default)
nn	nb -> no -> (default)

Malay

Locale	Fallback Chain
ms-MY	ms -> (default)
ms-SG	ms -> (default)
ms-BN	ms -> (default)

How It Works

Configure() stores the fallback chain configuration in a thread-safe static resolver.
Resolve() builds the full chain for the requested locale (e.g., pt-BR -> pt-PT -> pt -> en).
The chain is walked in reverse order (default locale first, most specific last).
Message dictionaries are deep-merged layer by layer, so more-specific locale values override less-specific ones.
Locales not in the fallback map get a simple two-step chain: [defaultLocale, locale].
ResolveAsync() calls the loader for each locale in the chain, skipping null results.
LocaleChainStringLocalizer wraps any IStringLocalizer and walks the chain on cache misses.

Deep Merge

Unlike flat key-level merge, LocaleChain for .NET supports nested message dictionaries. Nested objects are merged recursively, so you can organize translations into namespaces:

var messages = new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, object>>
{
    ["en"] = new()
    {
        ["nav"] = new Dictionary<string, object>
        {
            ["home"] = "Home",
            ["about"] = "About"
        }
    },
    ["pt-BR"] = new()
    {
        ["nav"] = new Dictionary<string, object>
        {
            ["home"] = "Inicio"
            // "about" falls back to English "About"
        }
    }
};

var resolved = LocaleChain.Resolve("pt-BR", messages);
// resolved["nav"]["home"]  => "Inicio"
// resolved["nav"]["about"] => "About"

FAQ

Is this safe for production? Yes. The library is pure C# with no external dependencies beyond Microsoft.Extensions.Localization.Abstractions. Thread safety is ensured via volatile fields and double-checked locking.

Performance impact? Negligible. Chain resolution is a simple dictionary merge. Locales not in the fallback map get a trivial two-entry chain.

ASP.NET Core compatibility? Yes. Use LocaleChainStringLocalizer as a decorator around any IStringLocalizer to get automatic fallback through the chain.

.NET MAUI / WPF / Console compatibility? Yes. Use the static LocaleChain.Resolve() or LocaleChain.ResolveAsync() API directly. No framework-specific dependencies required.

Can I deactivate it? Yes. Call LocaleChain.Reset() to clear configuration.

What if my app's default language is not English? The default locale is "en". To change it, create a FallbackResolver directly with your preferred default locale and use it via the Resolve method.

What .NET versions are supported? The package targets .NET 6.0 and .NET Standard 2.0, which covers .NET 6+, .NET Core 2.0+, and .NET Framework 4.6.1+.

Example

A minimal example app is included in the example/ directory. It demonstrates the locale chain resolving three keys for pt-BR, showing fallback from pt-BR -> pt -> en.

cd example && dotnet run

See example/README.md for full setup instructions.

Contributing

Open issues for bugs or feature requests.
PRs welcome, especially for adding new locale fallback chains.
Run dotnet test before submitting.

License

MIT License - see LICENSE file.

Built by i18nagent.ai

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 4 Commits
.github/workflows		.github/workflows
example		example
src/LocaleChain		src/LocaleChain
tests/LocaleChain.Tests		tests/LocaleChain.Tests
.gitignore		.gitignore
CHANGELOG.md		CHANGELOG.md
LICENSE		LICENSE
LocaleChain.sln		LocaleChain.sln
README.md		README.md

Uh oh!

Folders and files

Latest commit

History

Repository files navigation

LocaleChain for .NET

The Problem

The Solution

Installation

Quick Start: ASP.NET Core

Quick Start: Standalone (.NET MAUI, WPF, Console)

Sync resolve (pre-loaded messages)

Async resolve (lazy loading)

.NET MAUI example

WPF example

Debugging

Custom Configuration

Default (zero config)

With overrides (merge with defaults)

Full custom (replace defaults)

Default Fallback Map

Chinese Traditional

Chinese Simplified

Portuguese

Spanish

French

German

Italian

Dutch

English

Arabic

Norwegian

Malay

How It Works

Deep Merge

FAQ

Example

Contributing

License

About

Topics

Resources

License

Uh oh!

Stars

Watchers

Forks

Releases 1

Packages 0

Uh oh!

Contributors

Uh oh!

Languages

Packages