repl: redraw prompt after asynchronous console output

[inoway46]

Fixes: #43074

Asynchronous console output can be written while the REPL is waiting for input, leaving readline's rendered prompt out of sync with its internal line and cursor state.

Register an internal post-write callback for REPL console instances and redraw the prompt after asynchronous output. This matches the output-then-redraw ordering used for REPL-managed asynchronous errors while preserving the current input and cursor position. It applies to both the default global console and isolated REPL contexts.

Add regression coverage for synchronous output, timer-driven asynchronous output, and cursor preservation in both contexts.

Manual verification

Scenario	Before	After
No active input
With active input (aaaa)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 93.18182% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 90.32%. Comparing base (cb9bb66) to head (8d08fd2).
⚠️ Report is 14 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
lib/internal/console/constructor.js	84.21%	2 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##             main   #65214    +/-   ##
========================================
  Coverage   90.31%   90.32%            
========================================
  Files         760      760            
  Lines      248532   248672   +140     
  Branches    46908    46941    +33     
========================================
+ Hits       224467   224603   +136     
+ Misses      15505    15477    -28     
- Partials     8560     8592    +32     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/repl.js	93.07% <100.00%> (+0.13%)	⬆️
lib/internal/console/constructor.js	97.82% <84.21%> (-0.37%)	⬇️

... and 65 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.
• 📦 JS Bundle Analysis: Save yourself from yourself by tracking and limiting bundle sizes in JS merges.