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14 changes: 7 additions & 7 deletions Arrays/README.md
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Expand Up @@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ This directory contains Python implementations of common array-based algorithms

## Contents

- [Anagram Check (Sorted Solution)](Anagram_Check_Sorted_Sol.py): Checks if two strings are anagrams by comparing their sorted versions.
- [Anagram Check (Manual Solution)](Anagram_Check_manual_Sol.py): Checks if two strings are anagrams using a hash table (dictionary) to count character frequencies.
- [Array Find Missing Element (XOR Solution)](ArrayFindTheMissingElement_XOR_sol.py): Efficiently finds a missing element in a shuffled array using bitwise XOR.
- [Array Find Missing Element (Brute Force Solution)](ArrayFindTheMissingElement_brute_force_sol.py): Finds a missing element by sorting both arrays and comparing them.
- [Array Find Missing Element (Hash Table Solution)](ArrayFindTheMissingElement_hash_table_sol.py): Finds a missing element using a hash table (dictionary) to track element counts.
- [Array Find Missing Element (Sum/Subtract Solution)](ArrayFindTheMissingElement_takingSumandSubtract_sol.py): Finds a missing element by calculating the difference between the sums of the two arrays.
- [Array Pair Sum Solution](ArrayPairSumSol.py): Finds all unique pairs in an array that sum up to a specific value $k$ using a set for $O(n)$ complexity.
- [Anagram Check (Sorted Solution)](AnagramCheckSortedSol.py): Checks if two strings are anagrams by comparing their sorted versions. Time Complexity: $O(n \log n)$
- [Anagram Check (Manual Solution)](AnagramCheckManualSol.py): Checks if two strings are anagrams using a hash table (dictionary) to count character frequencies. Time Complexity: $O(n)$
- [Array Find Missing Element (XOR Solution)](ArrayFindTheMissingElementXORSol.py): Efficiently finds a missing element in a shuffled array using bitwise XOR. Time Complexity: $O(n)$
- [Array Find Missing Element (Brute Force Solution)](ArrayFindTheMissingElementBruteForceSol.py): Finds a missing element by sorting both arrays and comparing them. Time Complexity: $O(n \log n)$
- [Array Find Missing Element (Hash Table Solution)](ArrayFindTheMissingElementHashTableSol.py): Finds a missing element using a hash table (dictionary) to track element counts. Time Complexity: $O(n)$
- [Array Find Missing Element (Sum/Subtract Solution)](ArrayFindTheMissingElementSumSol.py): Finds a missing element by calculating the difference between the sums of the two arrays. Time Complexity: $O(n)$
- [Array Pair Sum Solution](ArrayPairSumSol.py): Finds all unique pairs in an array that sum up to a specific value $k$ using a set. Time Complexity: $O(n)$
File renamed without changes.
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion deque/README.md → Deque/README.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ This directory contains Python implementations of the Deque (Double-Ended Queue)

## Contents

- [Deque Implementation](DequeImple.py): Basic implementation of a Deque using a Python list. Includes operations like `addFront`, `addRear`, `removeFront`, `removeRear`, `isEmpty`, and `size`.
- [Deque Implementation](DequeImple.py): Basic implementation of a Deque using a Python list. Includes operations like `addFront`, `addRear`, `removeFront`, `removeRear`, `isEmpty`, and `size`. Time Complexity: $O(1)$ for front operations, $O(n)$ for rear operations due to list shifting.
File renamed without changes.
4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions Error-debug/README.md → ErrorHandling/README.md
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
# Error and Debugging
# Error Handling

This directory contains examples of error handling and debugging techniques in Python.

## Contents

- [Error and Exceptions](ErrorExceptions.py): Demonstrates the use of `try`, `except`, `else`, and `finally` blocks for robust error handling, specifically validating integer user input.
- [Error and Exceptions](ErrorExceptions.py): Demonstrates the use of `try`, `except`, `else`, and `finally` blocks for robust error handling.
12 changes: 6 additions & 6 deletions GraphAlgorithms/README.md
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Expand Up @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ This directory contains Python implementations of common graph-based algorithms

## Contents

- [Adjacency List Implementation](AdjacencyListGraphImple.py): Implements the Graph Abstract Data Type (ADT) using an adjacency list (dictionaries in Python). Includes `Vertex` and `Graph` classes.
- [Breadth First Search (BFS)](BFS.py): Implements BFS to solve the Word Ladder problem, finding the shortest transformation path between words.
- [General Depth First Search (DFS)](DFSGeneral.py): Provides a general implementation of DFS, including discovery and finish times for vertices.
- [DFS - Knight's Tour Problem](DFSImpleTheKnightsTourProblem.py): Another implementation of DFS specifically tailored to the Knight's Tour puzzle.
- [The Knight's Tour Problem](TheKnightsTourProblem.py): Focuses on generating the knight's move graph and solving the tour using DFS and backtracking.
- [Word Ladder Problem](WordLadderProblem.py): Specifically focuses on building the word ladder graph where edges connect words that differ by only one letter.
- [Adjacency List Implementation](AdjacencyListGraphImple.py): Implements the Graph Abstract Data Type (ADT) using an adjacency list. Time Complexity: $O(V+E)$
- [Breadth First Search (BFS)](BFS.py): Implements BFS to solve the Word Ladder problem. Time Complexity: $O(V+E)$
- [General Depth First Search (DFS)](DFSGeneral.py): Provides a general implementation of DFS. Time Complexity: $O(V+E)$
- [DFS - Knight's Tour Problem](DFSImpleTheKnightsTourProblem.py): Implementation of DFS specifically tailored to the Knight's Tour puzzle.
- [The Knight's Tour Problem](TheKnightsTourProblem.py): Focuses on generating the knight's move graph and solving the tour. Time Complexity: $O(k^N)$
- [Word Ladder Problem](WordLadderProblem.py): Specifically focuses on building the word ladder graph.
12 changes: 6 additions & 6 deletions LinkedLists/README.md
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@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
# Linked Lists

This directory contains Python implementations of various types of linked lists and related algorithms.
This directory contains Python implementations of linked list data structures and related problems.

## Contents

- [Singly Linked List Implementation](SingleLinkedListImple.py): Basic implementation of a singly linked list node and basic linkage.
- [Doubly Linked List Implementation](DoublyLinkedListImple.py): Basic implementation of a doubly linked list node with `prev` and `next` pointers.
- [Singly Linked List Cycle Check](SinglyLinkedListCycleCheckImple.py): Implements Floyd's Cycle-Finding Algorithm (two pointers) to detect cycles in a linked list.
- [Linked List Reversal](LinkedListReversal.py): Reverses a singly linked list in-place in $O(n)$ time.
- [Nth to Last Node](LinkedListNthToLastNode.py): Finds the $n$-th to last node in a singly linked list using two pointers.
- [Singly Linked List Implementation](SinglyLinkedListImple.py): Basic implementation of a singly linked list. Time Complexity: $O(1)$ for adding/removing at head.
- [Doubly Linked List Implementation](DoublyLinkedListImple.py): Basic implementation of a doubly linked list. Time Complexity: $O(1)$ for linkage operations.
- [Singly Linked List Cycle Check](SinglyLinkedListCycleCheckImple.py): Implementation of Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm. Time Complexity: $O(n)$
- [Linked List Reversal](LinkedListReversal.py): In-place reversal of a linked list. Time Complexity: $O(n)$
- [Nth to Last Node](LinkedListNthToLastNode.py): Finding the n-th to last node in a singly linked list. Time Complexity: $O(n)$
69 changes: 38 additions & 31 deletions LinkedLists/SinglyLinkedListCycleCheckImple.py
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -19,39 +19,46 @@ def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
self.nextnode = None

def cycle_check(node):
# Set two pointers initialize to passed node
pt1 = node
pt2 = node
# loop through end of the list
while pt2 != None and pt2.nextnode != None:
pt1 = pt1.nextnode
pt2 = pt2.nextnode.nextnode
# If pt2 meet pt1 then there is a cycle
if pt2 == pt1:
def cycle_check(self):
"""
Check if the linked list has a cycle using Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm.
Returns True if a cycle exists, False otherwise.
"""
# Set two pointers initialize to current node (self)
slow = self
fast = self

# Loop through the list
while fast is not None and fast.nextnode is not None:
slow = slow.nextnode
fast = fast.nextnode.nextnode

# If fast meets slow then there is a cycle
if fast == slow:
return True

return False

# Test
# Create a Linked List
a = LinkedListNode(1)
b = LinkedListNode(2)
c = LinkedListNode(3)
# Create a cycle
a.nextnode = b
b.nextnode = c
# This is a cycle -- to test non-cycle scnerio comment this line
c.nextnode = a

print (a.value)
print (b.value)
print (c.value)

# Since cycle_check is a method but it doesn't use self and is defined inside class
# it should be called on an instance or changed to static method.
# In its current definition it behaves like a regular method but is missing 'self'.
# Actually it is defined as def cycle_check(node): which means it takes one arg.
# If called as LinkedListNode.cycle_check(a) it should work if it was just a function.

print(a.cycle_check())
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Create a Linked List
a = LinkedListNode(1)
b = LinkedListNode(2)
c = LinkedListNode(3)

# Create a cycle
a.nextnode = b
b.nextnode = c
c.nextnode = a

print(f"Node A value: {a.value}")
print(f"Node B value: {b.value}")
print(f"Node C value: {c.value}")

print(f"Cycle detected: {a.cycle_check()}")

# Break the cycle and test again
c.nextnode = None
print(f"Cycle detected after breaking: {a.cycle_check()}")


4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions Queues/README.md
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Expand Up @@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ This directory contains Python implementations of the Queue data structure.

## Contents

- [Queue Implementation](QueueImple.py): Basic implementation of a FIFO (First-In-First-Out) queue using a Python list. Includes `enqueue`, `dequeue`, `isEmpty`, and `size` methods.
- [Queue with Two Stacks](QueueWith2StacksImple.py): Implements a queue using two stacks (represented by Python lists) to achieve FIFO behavior.
- [Queue Implementation](QueueImple.py): Basic implementation of a FIFO (First-In-First-Out) queue. Time Complexity: $O(n)$ for enqueue, $O(1)$ for dequeue.
- [Queue with Two Stacks](QueueWith2StacksImple.py): Implements a queue using two stacks. Time Complexity: $O(1)$ amortized for both operations.
66 changes: 33 additions & 33 deletions README.md
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Expand Up @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Most scripts in this repository are standalone and can be executed directly:

```bash
# Run any Python script
python3 Arrays/Anagram_Check_Sorted_Sol.py
python3 Arrays/AnagramCheckSortedSol.py

# Or run from the repo root
python3 Sorting/BubbleSortImple.py
Expand All @@ -80,15 +80,15 @@ python3 Sorting/BubbleSortImple.py
```
.
├── Arrays/ # 🔤 Array-based problems and algorithms
├── Error-debug/ # ⚠️ Error handling and debugging examples
├── Deque/ # 🔄 Double-ended queue
├── ErrorHandling/ # ⚠️ Error handling and debugging examples
├── GraphAlgorithms/ # 🗺️ Graph traversal (BFS, DFS) and pathfinding
├── LinkedLists/ # 🔗 Singly and Doubly Linked Lists
├── Queues/ # 📦 Queue implementations (FIFO)
├── Recursion/ # 🔀 Recursive problems and Dynamic Programming
├── Sorting/ # 📊 Common sorting algorithms
├── Stacks/ # 📚 Stack implementations and applications
├── Trees/ # 🌳 Binary Trees, BSTs, Heaps, and Traversals
├── deque/ # 🔄 Double-ended queue
├── CONTRIBUTING.md # 🤝 Contribution guidelines
├── LICENSE # 📄 MIT License
└── README.md # 📖 This file
Expand All @@ -98,42 +98,42 @@ python3 Sorting/BubbleSortImple.py

## 📊 Data Structures

### Arrays 🔤
### Arrays 🔢
Common array-based algorithms and manipulations.
- [Anagram Check](Arrays/): [Sorted](Arrays/Anagram_Check_Sorted_Sol.py) & [Manual](Arrays/Anagram_Check_manual_Sol.py) solutions
- [Array Pair Sum](Arrays/ArrayPairSumSol.py): Find pairs that sum to $k$
- [Find Missing Element](Arrays/): [XOR](Arrays/ArrayFindTheMissingElement_XOR_sol.py), [Brute Force](Arrays/ArrayFindTheMissingElement_brute_force_sol.py), [Hash Table](Arrays/ArrayFindTheMissingElement_hash_table_sol.py), & [Sum](Arrays/ArrayFindTheMissingElement_takingSumandSubtract_sol.py) approaches
- [Anagram Check](Arrays/): [Sorted](Arrays/AnagramCheckSortedSol.py) & [Manual](Arrays/AnagramCheckManualSol.py) solutions
- [Array Pair Sum](Arrays/ArrayPairSumSol.py): Find pairs that sum to $k$ ($O(n)$)
- [Find Missing Element](Arrays/): [XOR](Arrays/ArrayFindTheMissingElementXORSol.py), [Brute Force](Arrays/ArrayFindTheMissingElementBruteForceSol.py), [Hash Table](Arrays/ArrayFindTheMissingElementHashTableSol.py), & [Sum](Arrays/ArrayFindTheMissingElementSumSol.py) approaches

### Linked Lists 🔗
Implementations and problems involving linked structures.
- [Singly Linked List](LinkedLists/SingleLinkedListImple.py) & [Doubly Linked List](LinkedLists/DoublyLinkedListImple.py)
- [Cycle Detection](LinkedLists/SinglyLinkedListCycleCheckImple.py): Detect cycles using two pointers (Floyd's algorithm)
- [Reverse Linked List](LinkedLists/LinkedListReversal.py): In-place reversal
- [Nth to Last Node](LinkedLists/LinkedListNthToLastNode.py): Find the $n$-th node from the end
- [Singly Linked List](LinkedLists/SinglyLinkedListImple.py) & [Doubly Linked List](LinkedLists/DoublyLinkedListImple.py)
- [Cycle Detection](LinkedLists/SinglyLinkedListCycleCheckImple.py): Detect cycles using Floyd's algorithm ($O(n)$)
- [Reverse Linked List](LinkedLists/LinkedListReversal.py): In-place reversal ($O(n)$)
- [Nth to Last Node](LinkedLists/LinkedListNthToLastNode.py): Find the $n$-th node from the end ($O(n)$)

### Stacks 📚
LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) data structures.
- [Stack Implementation](Stacks/StackImple.py): Basic operations (push, pop, peek)
- [Balanced Parentheses](Stacks/BalanceParenthlessCheckImple.py): Check for balanced brackets using a stack
- [Stack Implementation](Stacks/StackImple.py): Basic operations ($O(1)$ push, pop)
- [Balanced Parentheses](Stacks/BalanceParenthesesCheckImple.py): Check for balanced brackets using a stack ($O(n)$)

### Queues 📦
FIFO (First-In-First-Out) data structures.
- [Queue Implementation](Queues/QueueImple.py): Basic operations (enqueue, dequeue)
- [Queue with Two Stacks](Queues/QueueWith2StacksImple.py): Implementing FIFO using LIFO structures
- [Queue Implementation](Queues/QueueImple.py): Basic operations ($O(n)$ enqueue, $O(1)$ dequeue)
- [Queue with Two Stacks](Queues/QueueWith2StacksImple.py): Implementing FIFO using LIFO structures ($O(1)$ amortized)

### Deque 🔄
Double-ended queue operations.
- [Deque Implementation](deque/DequeImple.py): Operations at both ends
- [Deque Implementation](Deque/DequeImple.py): Operations at both ends ($O(1)$ front, $O(n)$ rear)

### Trees 🌳
Hierarchical data structures.
- [Binary Search Tree](Trees/BinarySearchTreesImple.py): Complete BST implementation
- [Binary Search Tree](Trees/BinarySearchTreesImple.py): Complete BST implementation ($O(\log n)$ average)
- [BST Validation](Trees/): [Solution 1 (In-order)](Trees/BinarySearchTreeCheckImpleSol1.py) & [Solution 2 (Range check)](Trees/BinarySearchTreeCheckImpleSol2.py)
- [Binary Search](Trees/): [Iterative](Trees/BinarySearchImple.py) & [Recursive](Trees/BinarySearchRecursiveImple.py)
- [Binary Heap](Trees/BinaryHeapImple.py): Min-heap implementation
- [Tree Traversals](Trees/TreeLevelOrderPrintImple.py): Level order (BFS) printing
- [Trim BST](Trees/TrimBinarySearchTreeImple.py): Keep nodes within a range
- [Tree Representations](Trees/): [Nodes & References](Trees/TreeRepresentationWithNodesReferences.py) & [List of Lists](Trees/buildTreeTest.py)
- [Binary Search](Trees/): [Iterative](Trees/BinarySearchImple.py) & [Recursive](Trees/BinarySearchRecursiveImple.py) ($O(\log n)$)
- [Binary Heap](Trees/BinaryHeapImple.py): Min-heap implementation ($O(\log n)$)
- [Tree Traversals](Trees/TreeLevelOrderPrintImple.py): Level order (BFS) printing ($O(n)$)
- [Trim BST](Trees/TrimBinarySearchTreeImple.py): Keep nodes within a range ($O(n)$)
- [Tree Representations](Trees/): [Nodes & References](Trees/TreeRepresentationWithNodesReferences.py) & [List of Lists](Trees/BuildTreeTest.py)

---

Expand All @@ -144,31 +144,31 @@ Algorithms for arranging elements in order.
- [Bubble Sort](Sorting/BubbleSortImple.py) - $O(n^2)$
- [Selection Sort](Sorting/SelectionSortImple.py) - $O(n^2)$
- [Insertion Sort](Sorting/InsertionSortImple.py) - $O(n^2)$
- [Shell Sort](Sorting/ShellSortImple.py) - $O(n \log n)$
- [Shell Sort](Sorting/ShellSortImple.py) - $O(n^2)$ (worst case)
- [Merge Sort](Sorting/MergeSortImple.py) - $O(n \log n)$
- [Quick Sort](Sorting/QuickSortImple.py) - $O(n \log n)$ average

### Recursion & Dynamic Programming 🔀
Solving problems by breaking them into smaller sub-problems.
- [Fibonacci Sequence](Recursion/): [Iterative](Recursion/FibonacciSeqIterative.py), [Recursive](Recursion/FibonacciSeqRecursion.py), & [Dynamic Programming](Recursion/FibonacciSeqDynamic.py)
- [Coin Change Problem](Recursion/): [Recursive](Recursion/CoinChangeProblemRecursion.py) & [Dynamic Programming](Recursion/CoinChangeProblemDynamic.py)
- [String Operations](Recursion/): [Reverse](Recursion/RecursionReverseStr.py) & [Permutations](Recursion/RecursionStrPermutation.py)
- [Math Operations](Recursion/): [Cumulative Sum](Recursion/RecursionCumulativeSum.py) & [Sum of Digits](Recursion/RecursionSumOfDigits.py)
- [Word Split](Recursion/RecursionWordSplit.py): Dynamic Programming solution
- [Fibonacci Sequence](Recursion/): [Iterative](Recursion/FibonacciSeqIterative.py) ($O(n)$), [Recursive](Recursion/FibonacciSeqRecursion.py) ($O(2^n)$), & [Dynamic Programming](Recursion/FibonacciSeqDynamic.py) ($O(n)$)
- [Coin Change Problem](Recursion/): [Recursive](Recursion/CoinChangeProblemRecursion.py) & [Dynamic Programming](Recursion/CoinChangeProblemDynamic.py) ($O(n \cdot m)$)
- [String Operations](Recursion/): [Reverse](Recursion/RecursionReverseStr.py) ($O(n)$) & [Permutations](Recursion/RecursionStrPermutation.py) ($O(n!)$)
- [Math Operations](Recursion/): [Cumulative Sum](Recursion/RecursionCumulativeSum.py) ($O(n)$) & [Sum of Digits](Recursion/RecursionSumOfDigits.py) ($O(\log_{10} n)$)
- [Word Split](Recursion/RecursionWordSplit.py): Dynamic Programming solution ($O(n^2)$)

### Graph Algorithms 🗺️
Algorithms for graph traversal and pathfinding.
- [Adjacency List](GraphAlgorithms/AdjacencyListGraphImple.py): Graph ADT implementation
- [Breadth First Search (BFS)](GraphAlgorithms/BFS.py): Word Ladder problem
- [Depth First Search (DFS)](GraphAlgorithms/DFSGeneral.py): General DFS implementation
- [Knight's Tour Problem](GraphAlgorithms/): [Graph Generation](GraphAlgorithms/TheKnightsTourProblem.py) & [DFS Solution](GraphAlgorithms/DFSImpleTheKnightsTourProblem.py)
- [Adjacency List](GraphAlgorithms/AdjacencyListGraphImple.py): Graph ADT implementation ($O(V+E)$)
- [Breadth First Search (BFS)](GraphAlgorithms/BFS.py): Word Ladder problem ($O(V+E)$)
- [Depth First Search (DFS)](GraphAlgorithms/DFSGeneral.py): General DFS implementation ($O(V+E)$)
- [Knight's Tour Problem](GraphAlgorithms/): [Graph Generation](GraphAlgorithms/TheKnightsTourProblem.py) & [DFS Solution](GraphAlgorithms/DFSImpleTheKnightsTourProblem.py) ($O(k^N)$)
- [Word Ladder Problem](GraphAlgorithms/WordLadderProblem.py): Building the word ladder graph

---

## ⚠️ Error Handling & Debugging

- [Error and Exceptions](Error-debug/ErrorExceptions.py): Demonstrates `try`, `except`, `else`, and `finally` blocks for robust error handling.
- [Error and Exceptions](ErrorHandling/ErrorExceptions.py): Demonstrates `try`, `except`, `else`, and `finally` blocks for robust error handling.

---

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